Smoking hazards

Information

Question:

What are the negative effects of smoking?

Answer:

Smokers have an increased risk of the following:

• Lung cancer
• Lung disease
• Heart attack
• Heart disease
• Hypertension
• Stroke
• Oral cancer
• Bladder cancer
• Pancreatic cancer
• Cervical cancer
• Pregnancy complications
• Low birth weight babies
• Early menopause
• Lower estrogen level for women
• Facial wrinkles

Children of smokers have an increased risk of the following:

• Sudden infant death syndrome
• Respiratory infections
• Lung cancer
• Ear infections

References

Goldman L, Ausiello D. Cecil Textbook of Medicine. 22nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa:Saunders, 2003.

Rakel RE. Textbook of Family Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa:Saunders, 2001.

Pinto BM, Rabin C, Farrell N. Lifestyle and coronary heart disease prevention. Prim Care. December 2005;32:947-961.

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Illustrations and Images

Smoking hazards

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Review Date: 3/1/2007
Reviewed By: David A. Kaufman, M.D., Assistant Professor, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

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