What is glaucoma?

What causes it?

Who is most likely to get it?

What are the symptoms?

How is it detected?

How can it be treated?

What research is being done?

What can you do to protect your vision?

Glaucoma is an eye disease in which the normal fluid pressure inside the eyes slowly rises, leading to vision loss--or even blindness. This brochure is about open-angle glaucoma, the most common form of the disease.

What causes it?

At the front of the eye, there is a small space called the anterior chamber. Clear fluid flows in and out of the chamber to bathe and nourish nearby tissues. In glaucoma, for still unknown reasons, the fluid drains too slowly out of the eye. As the fluid builds up, the pressure inside the eye rises. Unless this pressure is controlled, it may cause damage to the optic nerve and other parts of the eye and loss of vision.

Who is most likely to get it?

Nearly 3 million people have glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness in the United States. Although anyone can get glaucoma, some people are at higher risk. They include:

• Blacks over age 40.

• Everyone over age 60.

• People with a family history of glaucoma.

Among Blacks, studies show that glaucoma is:

• Five times more likely to occur in Blacks than in Whites.

• About four times more likely to cause blindness in Blacks than in Whites.

• Fifteen times more likely to cause blindness in Blacks between the ages of 45-64 than in Whites of the same age group.

Although open-angle glaucoma cannot be cured, it can usually be controlled. The most common treatments are:

Medications: These may be either in the form of eye drops or pills. Some drugs are designed to reduce pressure by slowing the flow of fluid into the eye. Others help to improve fluid drainage.

For most people with glaucoma, regular use of medications will control the increased fluid pressure. But, these drugs may stop working over time. Or, they may cause side effects. If a problem occurs, the eye care professional may select other drugs, change the dose, or suggest other ways to deal with the problem.

Laser surgery: During laser surgery, a strong beam of light is focused on the part of the anterior chamber where the fluid leaves the eye. This results in a series of small changes, which makes it easier for fluid to exit the eye. Over time, the effect of laser surgery may wear off. Patients who have this form of surgery may need to keep taking glaucoma drugs.

Surgery: Surgery can also help fluid escape from the eye and thereby reduce the pressure. However, surgery is usually reserved for patients whose pressure cannot be controlled with eye drops, pills, or laser surgery.