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Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction
Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and papillary stenosis are conditions which occur when this sphincter (opening) mechanism is disturbed. When the hole is too tight, there is a backup of bile and pancreatic juices. This can cause pain (biliary colic). More prolonged obstruction may result in bile leaking back into the blood stream, resulting in abnormalities of the liver function tests, or even yellow jaundice (discoloration of the eyes and skin). Also, blockage to the pancreatic orifice can cause pancreatic pain or attacks of pancreatitis.
Papillary Stenosis can be caused by passage of stones, or scarring after treatments (e.g. endoscopic or surgical sphincterotomy). Papillary stenosis usually results in sufficient backup of bile flow that there is stretching (dilatation) of the bile duct. This can be recognized by scans and various x-rays, including ERCP. Papillary stenosis requires endoscopic or surgical treatment. The hole is enlarged by cutting, to improve drainage. Occasionally it is necessary to do a surgical bypass (choledochoduodenostomy, or Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy) to insure that drainage is effective.
Spasm of the Sphincter
This is a more difficult problem. It may be one manifestation of other muscular spasm problems in different areas of the body (such as the esophagus or intestine--irritable bowel syndrome). However, in some patients, it is the prevailing complaint, and requires focal attention. The pain symptoms are very similar to those caused by bile duct or gallbladder stones. Indeed, sphincter of Oddi dysfunction most frequently occurs in patients who have previously undergone removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy). Some patients present with unexplained attacks of acute pancreatitis when the pancreatic sphincter is involved predominantly.
Diagnosis of sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction
Initially, tests are aimed to make sure that there are no stones present. Standard ultrasound and CT scans are not very accurate in detecting or excluding bile duct stones; newer techniques such as MRCP and endoscopic ultrasound are more sensitive, but not yet widely available. Most patients are investigated with ERCP. The doctor can examine the drainage hole of the bile duct at the papilla of Vater, and inject dye into the bile duct and pancreatic duct to look for stones and other forms of obstruction. The possibility of sphincter spasm (dysfunction) is considered only when these other conditions have been excluded. Dysfunction can be recognized by a special technique during ERCP, called sphincter of Oddi manometry (SOM). This involves passing a small catheter (tube) into the bile duct and pancreatic duct, to measure the squeeze pressure.
I have have my gallbladder removed one year and three months now but the pain only stopped a little while. At first I thought this was a sever case of gas and that I could have been going crazy because my gallbladder was gone. The pain has gotten so bad that I've have to vist the ER several time this year, there hasn't been anything such as pain medication or any other type of medication that has helped with my pain at all. Now my doctor is dicussing surgery