In the USA a significant risk of this type of surgery is that the antibiotics have to be compounded by a compounding pharmacy. This is an article on one type of problem: https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/886524?src=wnl_tp10n_171109_mscpedit&uac=77990SX&impID=1478676&faf=1 Much of these problems are due to the inefficiency and stifling bureaucracy of the US FDA. Over the past 15-20 years they have stifled the development of new medications and instruments and techniques that are available elsewhere in the world. In a prime example of government bumbling they have made it difficult to get generic drugs through the approval process also while allowing pharmaceutical companies to unfairly and monopolistically raise the price of generics and brand names through the ceiling. Generic drugs that are not difficult to make and require no research that used to cost $4 at Walmart not cost $85. Some glitter of hope as Scott Gottlieb MD the new had of the FDA is competent and committed to lower cost of generics and brand names and faster approval of new medications and devices. I worked with him several times in my capacity as Editor of Missouri Medicine medical journal.