Intestinal Dysbiosis

[PAJ]

A good article ,It will answer a few questions for some on the forum
Intestinal Dysbiosis and the Causes of Disease

http://www.healthy.net/asp/templates/Article.asp?PageType=Article&Id=423

Good reference site ,
http://www.mic.ki.se/Diseases/c1.html

[kimbacat]

just wanted to note, the section on Inflammatory Bowel disease is quite a bit out of date and some of it is now inaccurate.  the references are dating from the 1970 & 80's.  studies are currently being done on use of probiotics and 'pre'biotics as treatments for IBD.  some are proving to help if used in conjunction with other therapies (more so for UC than CD).  others are being shown to not work as treatment at all.  

if you are interested in the use of 'pre'-biotics and pro-biotics and IBD, check out the Inflammatory Bowel section of medscape.  I also think some things were presented at the 2002 Digestive Disease Week symposium.  or you can go to the ccfa.org site

[PAJ]

Thanks for the link, I’ll check it out in the next few days. I did research U C for a friend of mine, here are a few links I found .
My interested is in establishing good gut flora following a yeast [candida] infection, many people report that despite taking long term Probiotics the “good” bugs do not implant.
Australian researchers [see article] seem to have one answer, anyone have any experience on this?  


http://www.sma.org/smj/96jun2.htm

http://www.tsolkas.de/englisch/Unbenannt/ulcerative_colitis/ulcerative_colitis1/ulcerative_colitis1.html


http://www.krysalis-sparx.com/crohn.htm

http://gastro.healthology.com/focus_index.asp?f=gi

"Flora Power"—Fecal Bacteria Cure Chronic C. difficile Diarrhea Thomas J. Borody, M.D., F.R.A.C.P., F.A.C.G.a  Persky and Brandt (1), in this issue of the Journal, amply demonstrated how normal human flora bacteria are capable of permanently eradicating C. difficile from the bowel. Lessons learned from this case may have far-reaching clinical implications. First, courage and an innovative spirit are required to carry out what was described by the authors as a "distasteful" procedure. The description reflects our cultural "fecophobia" and might have been viewed quite differently had the procedure been as routine as a blood transfusion—conceptually similar, but one that has largely lost its "hemophobia." Because the procedure is neither routine nor accepted, it is often dismissed even though it can be dramatically curative. The main lesson, then, is that patients with symptomatic, incurable C. difficile seeking out any form of help (2) are perhaps often maintained in a state of considerable suffering while a safe, rapid, and highly effective therapy is available to them virtually anywhere in the world. Yet the therapy is generally not discussed, published, or popularized. Clearly, with our patients' well-being in mind, this area requires further improvement through funded research and a scientific approach to its practice. The second clear lesson is the dramatic and curative, effect of this treatment. In eight reports (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10), the overall cure rate was 60 of 67 treated patients. Generally those patients who failed to be cured were treated late and died from overwhelming pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) (4). Clinical improvement usually occurred within 1-4 days and has been reported to be curative, without recurrence. In fact, there are few medical therapies that reverse severe illness so dramatically. This begs the question as to how such dramatic treatment works, and whether it could be used or modified to cure other bowel conditions that may be infection-driven. Tvede et al. demonstrated in vitro how some but not other bacteria can profoundly inhibit the growth of pathogenic strains (6). A similar although less powerful phenomenon has been described for lactobacillus GG (11). It would seem that inhibitory substances, perhaps bacteriocins elaborated by bacteria, possess powerful antimicrobial properties. Unlike available antibiotics, these substances seem to have the added power of eliminating bacterial spores. In addition, the accompanying incoming mix of bacteria implants missing flora components such as Bacteroides species, restoring fecal physiology (10, 12), and deficient composition (6, 13), which may have initially permitted implantation of the pathogen such as C. difficile. Hence, colonic infusion of enteric flora may serve both as an antimicrobial and replacement therapy. The human fecal flora is a complex mix of organisms and is arguably the largest organ of the body, containing in a compact mass of living bacterial cells almost nine times more living cells than does the entire body (14). Given the bacteriacidal nature of fecal flora, as judged by the >95% cure of C. difficile, it is instructive to realize that C. difficile may be but one of many implanted infective agents mediating chronic GI disease. As H. pylori was found to be the infective cause of ulcer disease, so chronic clostridial (or other) infections may cause a portion of chronic GI disorders such as constipation, IBS, or IBD. Indeed, constipation responds to vancomycin (15, 16) and to fecal flora therapy (17, 18) as does IBS (5, 19). Ulcerative colitis (UC) has also been reported to go into prolonged remission after fecal flora infusion (20). We have confirmed this finding in our own prospective series of now seven patients with severe UC, five of whom remain in clinical remission without therapy 1-10 yr after treatment (19). In these conditions, no specific bacterial pathogens have yet been demonstrated. Similarly, when Eiseman et al. (3) treated his four PMC cases in 1957, C. difficile had not been discovered—yet the therapy was successful. This very finding teaches us that we can use bacteriotherapy to treat enteric infections without necessarily identifying the pathogen. Fecal bacteria home in on the pathogen, apparently because of their broad-spectrum activity. Hence, when the bacterial species is unknown, fecal bacteria can still dissect out the pathogen without the need to detect and diagnose the infection. Although scientifically it is satisfying to recognize the pathogen, strictly speaking this is not necessary. It is therefore feasible that progress in IBS/IBD treatment discovery could spring from a successful therapy rather than from pathogen identification. For those contemplating the use of this treatment, practical issues that stem from the report by Persky et al. include a) the method of treatment, and b) selection of donor. It seems that the method of delivery of the fecal slurry into the bowel results in cure, whether given by an enema suspended in saline (3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 19) or milk (10, 12), by a small bowel infusion via a nasoduodenal tube (5, 7), a gastrostomy (9), or a colonoscope (Persky et al.). However, there may be advantages delivering via a colonoscope to infuse as proximally as possible, and to detect any colonic pathology. Selection of the donor is of crucial importance to avoid infecting the recipient with a separate disease. The donor should be tested at least for HIV, hepatitis A, B, and C, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus, with stool negative for any detectable parasites or bacterial pathogens. In our experience, choosing the patient's partner offers a theoretical advantage that any transmissible disease would have been transmitted and emerged by now. In the future, it is conceivable that "bacteriotherapy" using combined, selected bacterial strains resembling human fecal flora (6, 21, 22), perhaps in capsule form, may become a curative therapeutic agent for C. difficile infection and perhaps for those GI disorders that we now call "idiopathic" but that may well have an infective etiology.  aCentre for Digestive Diseases, Sydney, Australia  References 1. Persky SE, Brandt LJ. Treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea by administration of donated stool directly through a colonoscope. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:3283-5. 2. C. Difficile Support Group: www.geocities.com/HotSprings/Falls/5272/index.html. 3. Eiseman B, Silen W, Bascom GS, Kauvar AJ. Fecal enema as an adjunct in the treatment of pseudomembranous enterocolitis. Surgery 1958;44:854-9. 4. Bowden TA, Mansberger AR, Lykins LE. Pseudomembranous enterocolitis: Mechanism of restoring floral homeostasis. Am Surg 1981;47:178-83. 5. Schwan A, Sjolin S, Trottestam U. Relapsing Clostridium difficile enterocolitis cured by rectal infusion of homologous faeces. 6. Tvede M, Rask-Madsen J. Bacteriotherapy for chronic relapsing Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in six patients. Lancet 1989;i:1156-60. 7. Flotterod O, Hopen G. Refractory Clostridium difficile infection. Untraditional treatment of antibiotic-induced colitis. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1991;111:1364-5. 8. Paterson DL, Irdell J, Whitby M. Putting back the bugs: Bacterial treatment relieves chronic diarrhoea. Med J Aust 1994;160:232-3. 9. Lund-Tonnesen S, Berstad A, Schreiner A, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea treated with homologous feces. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1998;118:1027-30. 10. Gustafsson A, Lund-Tonnesn S, Berstad A, et al. Faecal short-chain fatty acids in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, before and after faecal enema treatment. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998;33:721-7. 11. Gorbach SL. Lactic acid bacteria and human health. Ann Med 1990;22:37-41. 12. Gustaffson A, Berstad A, Lund-Tonnesen S, et al. The effect of faecal enema on five microflora-associated characteristics in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999;34:580-6. 13. Butt HL, Dunstan RH, McGregor NR, et al. Alteration of the bacterial microbial flora in chronic fatigue/pain patients. Proceedings: "The Clinical and Scientific Basis of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: From Myth Towards Management," Feb. 1998, Sydney, Australia. 14. Hart CA. Antibiotic resistance: An increasing problem? Br Med J 1998;316:1255-6 (editorial). 15. Borody TJ, Noonan S, Cole P, et al. Oral vancomycin can reverse idiopathic constipation. Gastroenterology 1989;96:A52. 16. Celik AF, Tomlin J, Read NW. The effect of oral vancomycin on chronic idiopathic constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995;9:63-8. 17. Andrews PJ, Barnes P, Borody TJ. Chronic constipation reversed by restoration of bowel flora. A case and a hypothesis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1992;4:245-7. 18. Andrews PJ, Borody TJ. Putting back the bugs: Bacterial treatment relieves chronic constipation and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Med J Aust 1993;159:633-4. 19. Borody TJ, George L, Andrews PJ, et al. Bowel flora alteration: A potential cure for inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome? Med J Aust 1989;150:604. 20. Bennet JD, Brinkman M. Treatment of ulcerative colitis by implantation of normal colonic flora. Lancet 1989;i:164. 21. Ricci N, Caselli M. Rectal infusion of bacterial preparations for intestinal disorders. Lancet 1983;ii:1494. 22. Pearce L, Bampton PA, Borody TJ, et al. Modification of the colonic microflora using probiotics: The way forward? Gut 1997;41(suppl 3):A63.  Reprint requests and correspondence: Thomas J. Borody, M.D., F.R.A.C.P., F.A.C.G., Director, Center for Digestive Diseases, 144 Great North Road, Five Dock, Sydney, NSW 2046, Australia. Received Apr. 18, 2000; accepted Apr. 27, 2000.  Copyright ©2000 the American College of GastroenterologyPublished by Elsevier Science Inc.