If you go to:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B
there is a great chart about half way down the page under "Diagnosis' that explains the three different antibodies and three different antigens.
jboyhk could answer your questions neatly and succinctly - I'd probably just mess it up.
I just wanted to add a link for your review. Go to:
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/b/faqb.htm
and scroll toward the bottom of the page, to the section entitled
It takes 3 months to get vacinated for hep. B. It's a series of shots. They must be done on a certain day. My first series didn't take. I had to do them all over again.
If your HepB surface antigen is positive and HepB surface antibody is negative, then that means you have HepB. Given that past test gave you the same result, you are probably a chronic HepB carrier, and such persons feel perfectly healthy and symptoms-free. But that doesn't mean that the HepB virus is not doing damage. It is or it will do damage, it's just a slow moving disease. You need regular monitoring for your condition. Ask your doctor to test for your ALT/AST, e-antigen / e-antibody, and viral DNA level to get a clearer picture and ask your doctor to explain these things to you.
As for your vaccination question, it's not going to matter at this point. Post infection HepB vaccination won't work, it won't get rid of the virus.
Take care of yourself and liver. Also very important, NO alcohol and NO smoking.