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ADHESIONS after Hysterectomy
Can anyone tell me what symptoms you had before it was discovered you had adhesions after hysterectomy?I was diagnosed with ovarian cancer and now it is 7 months and for the 3-4 months I felt slight pain on my right side and was told by my 2 doctors that this are the healing pains after the surgery.
Now I was told that I am healed and these are adhesions or cancer coming back.
Going for MRI in two weeks.Will se.
I bet my colon is stuck to my voult and that why it hurts.
Any comments. PLEASE.
Now I was told that I am healed and these are adhesions or cancer coming back.
Going for MRI in two weeks.Will se.
I bet my colon is stuck to my voult and that why it hurts.
Any comments. PLEASE.
I had 2 c-sections and due to complications with my last c-section in Jan 2009 I had to have a hysterectomy in March 2009. My doc said that my abdomen was full of adhesions. I also had a fistula that connected my uterus to my abdominal wall. So after my hysterectomy earlier this year I still experienced occasional sensitivity and tenderness within my abdomen (above the scar). I am 7 1/2 months out from my last surgery and have just now been feeling the sharp stabbing feeling in the same spot where I felt it before the hysterectomy. I'm very concerned that it could be something wrong and not just "normal pain". Can you feel adhesion pains for the first time since the surgery so far out? Any help would be wonderful. My doctor hasn't been much help since the surgery (we are in the military overseas so I can't really just change doctors or get a 2nd opinion) Thanks!
I did not realise just how many of us women are suffering after having a hysterectomy. I hope you can help me because I am at my wits end. If my spelling gets bad please excuse me as i am so tired and in so much pain and discomfort but it is a comfort to know that i am not on my own.
I had a hysterectomy in December 07 because of endeometriosis etc, they removed everything (at the time I was 38 years of age). Originally I was going to be cut open because the adhesions, everything stuck together. Unfortunately my original consultant was involved in an accidcent and I was transferred to another consultant. This Consultant provided a new technique ( which I had not been made aware of at the time), performed a laparoscopy and vaginal hysterectomy, which resulted in my bladder being torn.
I was ok for a couple of months but as the time has gone by I pretty much am back to square one if not much worse. I am crippled with pain, mainly on the right side, feel about seven moths pregnant, tummy very tender to touch, irritated bladder and immense pressure on bowel which as a subsequence is causinng such horrendous piles. I have been to the dr who has prescribed colofac and if no improvement referring me to gynae for adhesions.
I had a hysterectomy in December 07 because of endeometriosis etc, they removed everything (at the time I was 38 years of age). Originally I was going to be cut open because the adhesions, everything stuck together. Unfortunately my original consultant was involved in an accidcent and I was transferred to another consultant. This Consultant provided a new technique ( which I had not been made aware of at the time), performed a laparoscopy and vaginal hysterectomy, which resulted in my bladder being torn.
I was ok for a couple of months but as the time has gone by I pretty much am back to square one if not much worse. I am crippled with pain, mainly on the right side, feel about seven moths pregnant, tummy very tender to touch, irritated bladder and immense pressure on bowel which as a subsequence is causinng such horrendous piles. I have been to the dr who has prescribed colofac and if no improvement referring me to gynae for adhesions.
OMG!!! I am so glad I found this information. I have the same issues and had every test and I swear the doctors think I'm crazy. Pain in my left side takes my breath away. It used to just happen right after sex (orgasm) but now it's every day and serious constipation for years (ever since my hysterectomy). I am getting a ball today!!!
I had a total hysterectomy back in May. I seemed to being doing well and went back to work in middle of Jul. I am now to the point I can hardly put my left shoe on because of severe pain in my left groin. I never realized that adhesions could cause this. Thank-you for this site and all of your advice and information.
Hallelujah! I had a radical hysterectomy a month ago, and was fine, recovering brilliantly I thought, until last week, when I began to experience this nagging pain in my lower right pelvic area. OW! It's so debilitating. Before it came and went. Now it seems to be constant. I'm out of my home, visiting my pregnant daughter who's about to give birth any day now, and I feel so bad to be in such constant unrelieved pain. Googling led me to discover that adhesions might be the cause of the pain, since I have been so bloated and constipated too, losing my appetite and feeling dull from trying to cope with pain. Then I came across this site and happily, now I read about the bodyrolling thing from you. I will check with my doctor to see if it's okay to try that at this stage, so soon after surgery. I just am so desperate for relief. I will begin radiation treatment for my cervical cancer next week...so this area will be zapped in more ways. Anyhow, so grateful for modern technology that allows this mutual sharing of experiences and remedies. Good luck to you all!
Just a reminder: If you do use a Medicine ball, just make sure it is the "squishy" kind of Medicine ball. I'd not known of the soft kind until a few years ago and for sure the hard type will not work. You all might have known this, or remembered it from my post above, but I thought I would mention it just in case.
Mary
Mary
Thanks Kimchi,
Who knew a little ball would change my life from having daily constant pain from adhesions to having NO adhesions at all (remember when I had a lap two years ago looking for adhesions... only to find out I was so clean inside that the doctor had to consult his partner... he'd never seen anything like it in a patient who'd had abdominal surgery.. turned out I had a slipped disc that was causing the pain).
I put this information on the Health pages, too... under, "Relief from Surgical Adhesions."
Mary
Who knew a little ball would change my life from having daily constant pain from adhesions to having NO adhesions at all (remember when I had a lap two years ago looking for adhesions... only to find out I was so clean inside that the doctor had to consult his partner... he'd never seen anything like it in a patient who'd had abdominal surgery.. turned out I had a slipped disc that was causing the pain).
I put this information on the Health pages, too... under, "Relief from Surgical Adhesions."
Mary
According to the ladies on this forum, the ballrolling exercise have helped them trememdously with adhesion related pain...I do believe that one has to indure more pain to get relief from pain..Since you are in constant pain, maybe a little more pain is worth it.
I did it once and did not feel more pain that I was already in and it got rid of the pain i was feeling. Maybe some of the other ladies who have gotten great results from this exercise will share their comments soon.
Must be very frustrating to be in constant pain. I have read where people even had surgery only to find out that their pain was from scarring or adhesion...And another surgery adds more scarre tissue and adhesion. Think you are on the right track about using the medicine ball.
I did it once and did not feel more pain that I was already in and it got rid of the pain i was feeling. Maybe some of the other ladies who have gotten great results from this exercise will share their comments soon.
Must be very frustrating to be in constant pain. I have read where people even had surgery only to find out that their pain was from scarring or adhesion...And another surgery adds more scarre tissue and adhesion. Think you are on the right track about using the medicine ball.
I've had pain that you all talk about for about 6 years now. I've been to MANY drs and on tons of meds and haven't been able to work. They say they don't know what is wrong and now trying to get an appt. at Mayo for me. I was thinking about doing the ballrolling thing you talk about but I'm afraid that it would hurt. I'm in pain everyday all day..
Hi,
I hope you find some help from the information. You might want to print the thread ... and, check with the doctor to see if you can do the deep massage of which I wrote. It really was a lifesaver.
Mary
I hope you find some help from the information. You might want to print the thread ... and, check with the doctor to see if you can do the deep massage of which I wrote. It really was a lifesaver.
Mary
This site has really calmed some of my fears. I've had problems for years with pain around my ovaries. Last November I had a total adominal hysterectomy and the pain I had for years was almost completely gone. But starting in June the pain is slowly coming back where my right ovary would be. Sometimes it is very mild...just enough to make me aware. Then there have been a few times where the pain comes on so sudden and strong that it brings me to my knees. It hurts to move at all. The last time is lasted about 3 hours. I've had all kinds of blood test and CT scan and the dr's say they can't find anything wrong. The only thing I can think of it's the adhesions growing back. I hate going to the doctor because I don't feel like they really believe the pain I am having.
Hi, Sorry I missed the March 9th Post. I am posting my information on how I resolved the problem I had with Surgical Adhesions.
Here is my information on Adhesions, which in my case were horrible...for about 2 years I suffered and they started after my radical hysterectomy (started about 3 months after) and were discovered during a colonoscopy, which made that procedure very uncomfortable...otherwise it would not have been too bad.
You might want to ask your doctor about this since you are having some bladder problems, but it is essentially a very deep massage. I put updated info at the bottom just verifying that this really did work (for me at least!)....hoping this helps.
Mary**********************************************************************************************************************************************************
The woman who taught me how to do this is an Exercise Instructor. She said that one reason she wanted to learn this was so that she could teach elderly people how to do it since some of our insides "glue together" as we age and that this releases much of the gluing because of all the blood, thus oxygen, it brings to the area.
In my case, I had a total hysterectomy in 2000 and suffered from surgical adhesions for about a year. The pain from the adhesions started about three months post-op. This technique seems to break up the adhesions and it worked for me. I figured that if it worked for adhesions that formed naturally in our body, it should work for surgical adhesions. It did!
It is truly amazing. I noticed a HUGE difference immediately. When I sat up after the fist time I did this (about a 15 min. session) I could feel a "FLOOD" or a Rush of blood or something! going to that area. After having pain about 40 times an HOUR for over a year and a half after my surgery, my pain decreased to only about 10 times a DAY for a few seconds at a time. I did this procedure again about a week after the first one and that gave me even more relief. I think it was about four months til I had to do it again. Now I do it about once a year, if that. I have been virtually pain free, ,aside from a dull ache now and then, from adhesions since learning this technique.
The idea is you want to get the blood to the bone, not just the muscle....so it floods the tendons and gets lots of oxygen there to start healing and breaking up the adhesions.
**My instructor told me to think of a steak and how the tendon is sort of splotchy with blood where it is attached to the bone...well, you want to get the blood totally to the bone so as to really break things up. Regular massage is not "deep" enough.
The ball I used measures 16 inches. Again, though, I did not get the ball thru the website (Bodylogic.com) but you can go there and check it out if you want. The website is all about body rolling and about the woman (her name is Yumana and I think she is from Russia) who developed the technique. Anyway, I got just an ordinary ball in a toy section at Target and it looked similar to the one the instructor had used. The ball I have has a picture of Blues Clues on it! Hey, it works. It probably is bigger than the ones they recommend, but, if you think about it, it is squishy to the point where once all my weight is on it, it probably shrinks down to about ten inches. And, I just put my "front" onto the ball for the pelvic pain and not my back.
-------------------------------------
Here is how I did it...leaning my body wt. into it, literally placing the ball underneath me and "rolling" on it...slowly.
I would lay on the pubic bone and then take about four minutes or so to SLOWLY (while remembering to take deep breaths now and then) work my way out to the right side where the ovary once was on that side. After you get there, go back slowly to the pubic bone...breathe deeply. When you get to the pubic bone again, then go to the other side, following a path, if you will, of where you imagine the falopian tube once was. So, you are rolling in something like a "V" formation. After you get to the left side where the ovary once was, then go back to the pubic bone...and, you are done. But, take about 15 minutes to do the whole procedure.
**********************Udated information....August 2007***********************
At first I did this technique twice in two weeks. Then I had to do it about once every two months or so...then about once a year. When my doctor did the laparscopy on me in June,07 (hoping to find adhesions so we could figure out why I have been having pain, which they now think is from a ruptured disk) he was shocked at how "clean" my insides were. He said he actually consulted another doctor about it. He said that you always see evidence of any type of abdominal surgery no matter how invasive the surgery. And, since I had such a huge surgery back in 2000, he expected to see some type of adhesion debries...but did not see anything. A great testimonial to Body rolling!
I always suggest checking with the doctor. I am not a doctor, just a person miserable from the pain of
adhesions.
It does hurt a little while you are doing it, that is for sure, since you are initially pressing on the pubic bone with all the weight you can manage to put on the ball. And then you roll slowly to where the ovaries once were and yes, it is not the most pleasant feeling, but it is a "good hurt" if you know what I mean.
Simply Star has talked about using a Medicine ball for this procedure...but not the hard type. She mentioned the type of Medicine ball that is "squishy." I bought one for the sake of weight training and for a just in case those nasty things return!
Take care and good luck!
Here is my information on Adhesions, which in my case were horrible...for about 2 years I suffered and they started after my radical hysterectomy (started about 3 months after) and were discovered during a colonoscopy, which made that procedure very uncomfortable...otherwise it would not have been too bad.
You might want to ask your doctor about this since you are having some bladder problems, but it is essentially a very deep massage. I put updated info at the bottom just verifying that this really did work (for me at least!)....hoping this helps.
Mary**********************************************************************************************************************************************************
The woman who taught me how to do this is an Exercise Instructor. She said that one reason she wanted to learn this was so that she could teach elderly people how to do it since some of our insides "glue together" as we age and that this releases much of the gluing because of all the blood, thus oxygen, it brings to the area.
In my case, I had a total hysterectomy in 2000 and suffered from surgical adhesions for about a year. The pain from the adhesions started about three months post-op. This technique seems to break up the adhesions and it worked for me. I figured that if it worked for adhesions that formed naturally in our body, it should work for surgical adhesions. It did!
It is truly amazing. I noticed a HUGE difference immediately. When I sat up after the fist time I did this (about a 15 min. session) I could feel a "FLOOD" or a Rush of blood or something! going to that area. After having pain about 40 times an HOUR for over a year and a half after my surgery, my pain decreased to only about 10 times a DAY for a few seconds at a time. I did this procedure again about a week after the first one and that gave me even more relief. I think it was about four months til I had to do it again. Now I do it about once a year, if that. I have been virtually pain free, ,aside from a dull ache now and then, from adhesions since learning this technique.
The idea is you want to get the blood to the bone, not just the muscle....so it floods the tendons and gets lots of oxygen there to start healing and breaking up the adhesions.
**My instructor told me to think of a steak and how the tendon is sort of splotchy with blood where it is attached to the bone...well, you want to get the blood totally to the bone so as to really break things up. Regular massage is not "deep" enough.
The ball I used measures 16 inches. Again, though, I did not get the ball thru the website (Bodylogic.com) but you can go there and check it out if you want. The website is all about body rolling and about the woman (her name is Yumana and I think she is from Russia) who developed the technique. Anyway, I got just an ordinary ball in a toy section at Target and it looked similar to the one the instructor had used. The ball I have has a picture of Blues Clues on it! Hey, it works. It probably is bigger than the ones they recommend, but, if you think about it, it is squishy to the point where once all my weight is on it, it probably shrinks down to about ten inches. And, I just put my "front" onto the ball for the pelvic pain and not my back.
-------------------------------------
Here is how I did it...leaning my body wt. into it, literally placing the ball underneath me and "rolling" on it...slowly.
I would lay on the pubic bone and then take about four minutes or so to SLOWLY (while remembering to take deep breaths now and then) work my way out to the right side where the ovary once was on that side. After you get there, go back slowly to the pubic bone...breathe deeply. When you get to the pubic bone again, then go to the other side, following a path, if you will, of where you imagine the falopian tube once was. So, you are rolling in something like a "V" formation. After you get to the left side where the ovary once was, then go back to the pubic bone...and, you are done. But, take about 15 minutes to do the whole procedure.
**********************Udated information....August 2007***********************
At first I did this technique twice in two weeks. Then I had to do it about once every two months or so...then about once a year. When my doctor did the laparscopy on me in June,07 (hoping to find adhesions so we could figure out why I have been having pain, which they now think is from a ruptured disk) he was shocked at how "clean" my insides were. He said he actually consulted another doctor about it. He said that you always see evidence of any type of abdominal surgery no matter how invasive the surgery. And, since I had such a huge surgery back in 2000, he expected to see some type of adhesion debries...but did not see anything. A great testimonial to Body rolling!
I always suggest checking with the doctor. I am not a doctor, just a person miserable from the pain of
adhesions.
It does hurt a little while you are doing it, that is for sure, since you are initially pressing on the pubic bone with all the weight you can manage to put on the ball. And then you roll slowly to where the ovaries once were and yes, it is not the most pleasant feeling, but it is a "good hurt" if you know what I mean.
Simply Star has talked about using a Medicine ball for this procedure...but not the hard type. She mentioned the type of Medicine ball that is "squishy." I bought one for the sake of weight training and for a just in case those nasty things return!
Take care and good luck!
I had a complete hysterectomy two years ago, a year later they had to operate for endemetrioma - left behind after a bad op!?? I have all the pains as described by all the ladies above - went to gynae today and he cofnirmed after sonar...... but if I can live with it - just leave it... going to look up that website bodyrolling.com ! and let you know
Should the body roll for removing adhesions be done daily, weekly or monthly when I first begin?
Thanks for your input, and I don't think you were being critical at all, I only wish you'd been there to discourage me from doing it in the first place. I did talk to my doc's nurse this a.m., and she told me if I didn't feel better by the end of the week to come in, but that since I'm not having any spotting, she thinks there's probably just bruising, like Star said. And not to do again for several months and to ease into any exercise except walking. I do notice an area on my lower abdomen that seems to bulge out alittle more, but I have too much flab in that area anyway, so maybe it was there before & I never noticed. Oh well, lesson learned for sure. Also, I didn't realize there was such a thing as adhesions, I hope I don't have a problem with that, but it's good to know there's some relief with the rolling ball if I need it (much later on, of course).
I hope your back is better now. A ruptured disc doesn't sound fun at all. Take it easy and thanks again. Also, you guys can send some snow my way, for just a day or two. I'm in Texas, we still have green tomatoes on the vine, lowest it's gotten here this winter has been 28.
Take care,
Sandy
I hope your back is better now. A ruptured disc doesn't sound fun at all. Take it easy and thanks again. Also, you guys can send some snow my way, for just a day or two. I'm in Texas, we still have green tomatoes on the vine, lowest it's gotten here this winter has been 28.
Take care,
Sandy
Hi Sandy,
Just a quick note to say that I hope you are feeling better soon...and, also that I hope you didn't think I was being critical of you when you posted about the deep tissue massage. I would have been in the same spot ....in that I have actually never had a massage (other than the ball rolling thing I do to myself) and I would have figured the person knew what they were doing.
I have been a bit wrapped up in the posts lately since I have sort of jumped back onto this board after not posting much over the last year since I was being treated for a ruptured disc and just getting the dx was a journey in and of itself. But, I do encounter many discussions about adhesions and so I wanted to toss a few ideas about and ask more questions. But, looking back on this post, it may have looked like I was dismissive of your questions and pain. So, as I said, I hope you are feeling better. By the way, I was in a car accident in 1997 and have had neck issues since then, so I feel for you there.
STAR....thanks for your opinion on the rolling. I was digging through old posts the other night and was able to clear up my own confusion since I thought I recalled women being told to do the self massage while they were in the hospital! But, actually I was remembering a comment you made about how great the ball is (and I know I was happy to hear that...and thatnks for the suggestion on the squish medicine ball. I bought one after you mentioned that)......but that your daughter got a deep massage ...one a week as I recall. And, that at about six months post op she was doing well regarding no adhesion pain. Sorry for the confusion.
I will keep, as always, remind others to be wary of doing too much, if anything, in that area until they are completely healed and checking with the doctor on this since it is an aggressive massage.
Thanks, Mary
Just a quick note to say that I hope you are feeling better soon...and, also that I hope you didn't think I was being critical of you when you posted about the deep tissue massage. I would have been in the same spot ....in that I have actually never had a massage (other than the ball rolling thing I do to myself) and I would have figured the person knew what they were doing.
I have been a bit wrapped up in the posts lately since I have sort of jumped back onto this board after not posting much over the last year since I was being treated for a ruptured disc and just getting the dx was a journey in and of itself. But, I do encounter many discussions about adhesions and so I wanted to toss a few ideas about and ask more questions. But, looking back on this post, it may have looked like I was dismissive of your questions and pain. So, as I said, I hope you are feeling better. By the way, I was in a car accident in 1997 and have had neck issues since then, so I feel for you there.
STAR....thanks for your opinion on the rolling. I was digging through old posts the other night and was able to clear up my own confusion since I thought I recalled women being told to do the self massage while they were in the hospital! But, actually I was remembering a comment you made about how great the ball is (and I know I was happy to hear that...and thatnks for the suggestion on the squish medicine ball. I bought one after you mentioned that)......but that your daughter got a deep massage ...one a week as I recall. And, that at about six months post op she was doing well regarding no adhesion pain. Sorry for the confusion.
I will keep, as always, remind others to be wary of doing too much, if anything, in that area until they are completely healed and checking with the doctor on this since it is an aggressive massage.
Thanks, Mary
Thank you for your comments. I know you're right. I should have known better, and followed my "gut" feelings, I didn't feel that it was right at the time, that it was too soon after surgery for that type of massage but I didn't stop it. I've only had two massages in my life, thought I'd start a program this year to help alleviate the back/neck pain I've been plagued with for many years. I just pray I don't have any real damage from it other than being sore.
Thanks again & God bless,
Sandy
Thanks again & God bless,
Sandy
Well, that is what I thought, too, and I remember at the time being a bit baffled that someone would have been told to massage that area. I didn't want to even look at "that area" after my surgery. And, I agree on the time frame, too, as far as gosh at least 3 months. It was at about 4 and 1/2 months that mine started to give me big problems. But, in my case, I did not find out about the body rolling until over a year and and a half later and still was able to get total relief eventually. I was in so much pain and the doctors were unsure what was going on, that I guess I figured I had nothing to lose and was all healed at the site of the hysterectomy anyway. But, I would be nervous about anyone starting it too soon. Just knowing it is out there is a huge bonus...
OK..NOW I am going to bed. We have been lucky with the snow issue here in MN...I have a longer commute now since I switched job sites, so I am very grateful. Now I am just waiting for this arctic air to pass.
Take care, Mary
OK..NOW I am going to bed. We have been lucky with the snow issue here in MN...I have a longer commute now since I switched job sites, so I am very grateful. Now I am just waiting for this arctic air to pass.
Take care, Mary
Only time when I was working as a nurse in OB and we advocated self massage was to firm up the uterus after delivery to stop bleeding. I do know that a massage by a professional should not be done after abdominal surgery because of the internal incisions. Also it can form blood clots if any bleeding should occur from the massage. Adhesions do not start forming that quickly any way. when I worked with surgical patients I remember telling them the same thing we do to all the Laperotomy and scope women, let the internal healing happen. even with the scope, cutting was done and no doctor wants his/her handy work messed up. Stitches can be pulled out of tissue and clamps can be shoved out of place. I think the ball rolling should not start until at least 3 months after any major surgery, it takes time for those adhesions to start growing and attaching to organs. even started later they do break them up quite well. As far as self massage goes, I feel it should only be done after surgery with a doctors approval. Best thing to do after any surgery is to get up and about as much and as soon as possible and swing those arms, walk and maybe leg lifts if you feel like it. Praying for no more snow for us this Winter, I missed those 2 big ones while I was gone.
Quick question...I do recall when I first met you and discovered a fellow believer in massage for adhesions that some women on the board were told to do a self massage during the hospital stay so as to break up adhesions. Do you recall those posts? I remember that at the time I wondered if this would be okay to do, but I suppose a self massage while in a hospital bed after major surgery, you would not have all the strength you would typically have. Also, anytime you do the massage on yourself, it would not be as strong as someone doing it to you....or even as strong as laying on the ball, which puts forth a lot of pressure.
Where do you stand on the self-massage. Just wondering.
Thanks...Mary
Where do you stand on the self-massage. Just wondering.
Thanks...Mary
Sorry...I meant it was Lynn who also had that difficult experience with the colonoscopy....and, just for the info of those who have not had one of those lovely tests...they are not bad at all...but, when I had my second, which was last winter, my adhesions had all cleared up (confirmed when I had an exploratory lap in June) and the test was nothing. Prep, not so great; test, no big deal....
Mary
Mary
Hi to Spiritlaughing, A few amazing things have happened this evening..first of all, you are the first person I have spoken to who had difficulty getting through a colonoscopy due to surgical adhesions. The other thing is....wow, I was going through the archives on this forum last night and was really digging and although I only read about 20 posts, this was one of them and I picked it rather randomly. Amazing. Other than the fact that I need more excitement in my life :) I have been working on further developing my intuition and such. Since I work with troubled kids, you can understand that many of them start our program with a feeling of hopelessness about their lives so this has helped foster my interest in the areas of positive thinking and the power behind that as well as the law of attraction, etc...Those of you who know me know I am not out howling at the moon each evening, but I have been amazed at the depth to which my intuition, etc, has grown.
Who knew that a post on surgical adhesions would bring up such deep thoughts?
I am going to post again as I have a quick question for Star (who, by the way was the first person I ever met who had also heard of using massage to break up adhesions!
Mary
Who knew that a post on surgical adhesions would bring up such deep thoughts?
I am going to post again as I have a quick question for Star (who, by the way was the first person I ever met who had also heard of using massage to break up adhesions!
Mary
I am afraid yes, the deep massgae was too soon after your surgery. give those surgical sites time to heal now. Take it very easy. No lifting, no strenous exercize and if it continues to hurt, better get a flat abdominal x ray. Watch also for any spotting of red or brown discharge. Those interanal stitches/clamps have to grab a good hold on the tissue.
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