No STD, including herpes, can show up in less than 24 hours. Two to 3 days is the minimum period before symptoms can begin. (This applies to just about all infections, not just herpes or other STDs.) You have done the right thing by seeing a health care provider. From both your description and his opinion, it is very unlikely you have genital herpes; and if you do, you caught it sometime before the sexual encounter you describe.
If the doc thinks herpes really is suspect, you don't need to wait for a blood test; the "lesion" itself (if that's what it is) can be tested. That he didn't suggest that implies that the "lesion" in fact isn't suspicious. If in doubt, you could get a second opinion, such as from a dermatologist or your local STD clinic.
As far as chlamydia is concerned, it's not a bad idea for all sexually active persons to be tested from time to time. But people don't catch chlamydia from oral sex (even though some outdated health education sources talk about oral sex as a risk), so if that turns up positive, it also will be from an exposure other than the CSW encounter.
Bottom line: I see no serious concerns here about herpes or any other STD, based on the very low risk from the encounter you describe, the too-rapid onset of symptoms, and symptoms that don't sound like STD anyway.
I hope this helps. Best wishes-- HHH, MD