You seem worried man, hopefully I can help you out.
Syphilis is not a death sentence, even if you got tested a year (or several months) later and were treated then, you'd be fine.
6 weeks post exposure is a good time to test for syphilis.
8 weeks is especially good.
Can only transmit when you have a sore. If you test with the symptom it should show positive, but week-2 weeks after would test positive.