Rating

	My Rating: 19 ratings 5 stars (8) 4 stars (1) 3 stars (0) 2 stars (1) 1 stars (9)

Email

	Email this page to a friend Friend's Email: Your Name: Your Email: Enter the code shown: Submitting Send Email

References

1. FDA Press Office , 2006
2. van Os J, Krabbendam L,  Myin-Germeysa Inez, and Delespaula P (2005) The schizophrenia envirome.  Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2005, 18:141–145 
3. an Os, J., Kenis, G., Rutten, B.P.F. The environment and schizophrenia, Nature 2010; 468 (7321): 203-12 
4. SAMSHA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration). Results from the 2004 National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2004: national findings. Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-28, DHHS Publication No. SMA 05-4062, 2005.
5. SAMSHA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration). Office of Applied Studies. National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2006. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute, and Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, 2008.
6. SAMSHA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration). Results from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health:  Volume I.  Summary of National Findings (Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-38A, HHS Publication No SMA 10-45886 Findings).  Rockville, MD.
7. Mechoulam R, Agony Y. A total synthesis of dl-D1-tetrahydrocannabinol, the active constituent of hashish. Journal of American Chemical Society 1965;87:3273–3275
8. Mechoulam R, Peters M, Murillo-Rodriguez E, et al. Cannabidiol—recent advances. Chemistry and  Biodiversity 2007;4(8):1678–1692. Review
9. Cravatt BF, Lichtman AH. The endogenous cannabinoids system and its role in nociceptive behavior. Journal of Neurobiology 2004;61(1):149–160
10. Di Marzo V, De Petrocellis L, Bisogno T. The biosynthesis, fate and pharmacological properties of endocannabinoids. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 2005;168:147–185
11. Sherman MP, Aberland EE, Wong VZ, et al. Effects of smoking marijuana, tobacco or cocaine alone or in combination on DNA damage inhuman alveolar macrophages. Life Sciences 1997;56:2301–2307.
12. Tashkin DP. Smoked marijuana as a cause of lung injury. Monaldi Archives Chest Disorders 2005;63(2):93–100.
13. Hashibe M, Straif K, Tashkin DP, et al. Epidemiologic review of marijuana use and cancer risk. Alcohol 2005;35(3):265–275.
14. Tashkin DP, Shapiro **, Lee EY, et al. Subacute effects of heavy marijuana smoking pulmonary function in healthy young mates. New England Journal of Medicine 1976;294:125–129. 
15. Friedman H, Newton C, Klein TW. Microbial infections, immunomodulation, and drugs of abuse. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2003;16(2):209–219.
16. Hézode C, Zafrani ES, Roudot-Thoraval F, et al. Daily cannabis use: a novel risk factor of steatosis severity in patients with chronic hepatitis C.  Gastroenterology 2008;134(2):432–439.
17. Paton WD. Cannabis and its problems. Proceedings of Royal Society of Medicine 1973; 66(7):718–721.
18. Wenger T, Toth BE, Martin BR. Effects of anandamide (endogenous cannabinoid) on the anterior pituitary hormone secretion in adult ovariectomized rats. Life Sciences 1995;56:2057–2063.
19. Brown TT, Dobs AS. Endocrine effects of marijuana. Journal of  Clinical Pharmacology 2002;42(11 Suppl):90S–96S.
20. Cohen S. Marijuana and reproductive functions. Drug Abuse and Alcoholism News 1985;13:1.
21. Tennes K. Effect of marijuana on pregnancy and fetal development in the human. In: MC Braude, JP Ludford, eds. Marijuana effects on the endocrine and reproductive systems (NIDA research monograph 44).Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse 1984:115–123.
22. Fehr KO, Kalant H. Addiction Research Foundation/World Health Organization Meeting on Adverse Health and Behavioral Consequences of Cannabis Use. Toronto, Ontario. Addict Res 1983:257–354
23. Daling JR, Doody DR, Sun X, et al. Association of marijuana use and the incidence of testicular germ cell tumors. Cancer. 2009;115(6):1215-23
24. Henquet C, Krabbendam L, Spauwen J, et al. Prospective cohort study of cannabis use, predisposition for psychosis and psychotic symptoms in young people. British Medical Journal 2005; 1;330(7481):11. Epub 2004 Dec 1.
25. Tarter, RE, Vanyukov M, Kirisci L, Reynolds M, Clark DB.  Predictors of Marijuana Use in Adolescents Before and After Licit Drug Use: Examination of the Gateway Hypothesis.American Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 163:2134–2140
26. Heishman S J, Arasteh K, Stitzer M L. Comparative effects of alcohol and marijuana on mood, memory and performance. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 1997; 58: 93–101
27. Solowij N. Cannabis and Cognitive Functioning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1998.
28. Wadsworth EJ, Moss SC, Simpson SA, Smith AP. Cannabis use, cognitive performance and mood in a sample of workers. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2006a; 20(1):14-23.
29. Solowij N, Michie PT, Fox AM. Effects of long-term cannabis use on selective attention: an event-related potential study. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 1991;40(3):683-8.
30. Solowij N. Do cognitive impairments recover following cessation of cannabis use?. Life Sciences 1995; 56: 2119–2126
31. Wenger T, Moldrich G, Furst S. Neuromorphological background of cannabis addiction. Brain Research Bulletin 2003 (61) 125–128
32. Hyman S, Malenka RC, Nestler EJ. Neural Mechanisms of Addiction: The Role of Reward-Related Learning and Memory Annual Review Neuroscience.2006; 29:565–98
33. Stokes, P.R.A., Egerton, A.,Watson, B. et al. Significant decreases in frontal and temporal [11C]-raclopride binding after THC challenge.  NeuroImage 2010; 52: 1521–1527
34. Wadsworth EJ, Moss SC, Simpson SA, Smith AP. A community based investigation of the association between cannabis use, injuries and accidents. Journal of Psychopharmacology 2006b; 20(1):5-13.
35. Asbridge M, Hayden JA, Cartwright JL (2012): Acute cannabis consumption and motor vehicle collision risk: systematic review of  observational studies and meta-analysis BMJ, 344:e536 doi: > 10.1136/bmj.e536 (Published 9 February 2012)
36. Netherlands - Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (article in dutch) Cannabisgebruikers psychisch ongezonder, 4 october 2010
37. Yucel M,  Solowij, N,  Respondek, C, Whittle, S, Fornito, A,  Pantelis, C,  Lubman, DI (2008) Regional Brain Abnormalities Associated With Long-term Heavy Cannabis Use.  Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65(6):694-701
38. Moore THM, Zammit S,  Lingford-Hughes  A,  et al. Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review, Lancet 2007; 370: 319–28
39. Large M, Sharma S, Compton MT et al. Cannabis Use and Earlier Onset of Psychosis A Systematic Meta-analysis Archives of General  Psychiatry 2011; Epub
40. Schimmelmann BG, Conus P, Cotton SM, et al. Cannabis use disorder and age at onset of psychosis - A study in first-episode patients. Schizophrenia Research. 2011; Apr 16. [Epub ahead of print] 
41. Egan, M.F., Goldberg, T., Kolachana, B.S., et al. Effect of COMT Val108/158 Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia.  PNAS  2001; 98 ( 12):  6917–6922
42. Akil, M., Kolachana, B.S., Rothmond, D.A., Hyde, T.M., Weinberger, D.R., Kleinman, J.E. Catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype and dopamine regulation in the human brain. Journal of Neuroscience 2003; 23:2008 –2013  
43. Caspi, A., Moffitt, T.E., Cannon M, McClay, J., et al.  Moderation of the effect of adolescent-onset cannabis use on adult psychosis by a functional polymorphism in the catechol-o-methyltransferase gene: longitudinal evidence of a Gene X Environment interaction. Biological Psychiatry 2005; 57:1117–1127
44. Voruganti, L.N.P., Slomka, P., Zabel, P., Mattar, A., Awad, A.G. Cannabis induced dopamine release: An in-vivo SPECT study. Psychiatric Research 2001;107: 173–177. 
45. van Winkel R, GROUP Investigators.  Family-Based Analysis of Genetic Variation Underlying Psychosis-Inducing Effects of Cannabis Archives of General Psychiatry 2011: 68(2):148-157. 
46. Welch, K.A., Stanfield, A.C., McIntosh, A.M., Whalley, H.C., Job, D.E., Moorhead, T.W., Owens, D.G.C., Lawrie S.M., Johnstone, E.C. Impact of cannabis use on thalamic volume in people at familial high risk of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 2011: 199:386-390

Continued on next page >