"How would a doctor go about testing 4 diabetes?"
Your doctor will administer one of the following diabetes test:
1.) Fasting - You do not eat any foods nor drink colored liquids for 8-10 hours. A blood sample is drawn and your glucose level [blood sugar] checked.
Normal levels 70-99 mg/dl
Prediabetes 100-125 mg/dl
Above 126 mg/dl indicate diabetes [hyperglycemia aka Type 2 diabetes]
If your fasting levels returns below 70 mg/dl this indicates hypoglycemia [aka Type 1 diabetes].
2.) OGTT [Oral Glucose Tolerance Test] - You drink a sugary liquid then tested in 1 hour intervals.
This test is given to see how well your body sheds excess glucose after 1, 2 and 3 hours.
3.) RGT [Random Glucose Test] - Tested at any given time. Levels that vary widely indicate a problem. This is the most time consuming since you have to twiddle your thumbs in-between tests. Normally doctors prefer the first two.
4.) An A1c [HbA1c, HgbA1c] test. The gold standard.
" i have to have all the symptoms or just a few?"
None at all. Diabetes testing should be part of your annual health exam.
See my reply above for how to test.
They can test even with only a few symptoms, or nothing obvious, but suspicion based on family history and weight...