Experimental Vaccine May Fight Ovarian Cancer
The body's immune system provides constant surveillance for invaders. It detects and attacks tumor cells that may arise, but it restrains itself from attacking the cells of the body itself. When cells turn cancerous, their surfaces often display small changes that make the immune system suspicious that they are foreign. According to Dr. Kunle Odunsi, a clinical researcher and cancer surgeon at Roswell Park Cancer Institute, ovarian cancer cells sometimes display a new protein on their surface called NY-ESO-1. Researchers hypothesize that most of the time, the immune system pounces on cells that display NY-ESO-1 and kills them. If the immune system fails to notice the small change, the cells with NY-ESO-1 can grow into life-threatening ovarian tumors.
Some ovarian cancer cells might escape the immune system, because fewer than half the tumors display NY-ESO-1, and even in tumors that have it, the cells may not display it on their surfaces all the time, according to Dr. Odunsi. Another problem is that the immune system doesn't always recognize NY-ESO-1 as an important change, so it may not attack cells with the NY-ESO-1 protein on their surface.
Dr. Odunsi and his colleagues have made a therapeutic vaccine that trains the immune system to recognize and attack NY-ESO-1. The vaccine also puts the immune system on alert so it recognizes the small changes that signal that a cell may be cancerous. In order to make ovarian cancer cells as conspicuous as possible so the immune system will eliminate them, patients in the clinical trial will also receive a drug called decitabine. In preliminary studies by one of Dr. Odunsi's collaborators, decitabine encourages ovarian cancer to display NY-ESO-1.