What you describe and have experienced is not rare. That is, worsening of cough following cigarette smoking cessation. This is apparently due to the fact that smoking conventional cigarettes diminishes the sensitivity of cough receptors in the throat and, with cessation, the sensitivity of these receptors is enhanced and cough occurs with less stimulation than was required to initiate cough, while smoking.
You probably have chronic bronchitis due to marijuana smoking and, with the cough reflex no longer suppressed, you cough much more than in the past. The mucus is simply a sign of chronic inflammation of the airways.
This inflammation is of a different type than the inflammation seen with asthma, yet you still might benefit from the use of medicines used to treat asthma such as a long-acting bronchodilator, such as, Serevent® Inhalation Aerosol (salmeterol xinafoate) along with an inhaled steroid, such as Flovent® Inhalation Aerosol (fluticasone propionate), the combination of the 2 is available as Advair® HFA (fluticasone propionate and salmeterol) Inhalation Aerosol.
Whatever you do, do not resume smoking.
Chronic smoking can also cause inflammation of the sinuses. You may want to have your doctor check for chronic sinusitis as this can be caused by cigarette or pot smoke and is a common cause of cough.
Good luck.