Treatment for bacterial infections is effective any time after exposure, i.e. the infection doesn't have to become "established" for antibiotics to work. Indeed, prophylactic treatment--having antibiotic in the system when exposure occurs--usually is effective in preventing infection. Gonorrhea and chlamydial infection are bacterial STDs.
So an answer your specific question, if you were exposed to chlamydia or gonorrhea during the evening, treatment the next morning would be effective. It must be the full course of the right antibiotic. Some people (including some doctors) make the mistake of believing you can get away with a lesser dose or duration of therapy.
An editorial comment about your second paragraph: In the circumstance you describe, you would not "know you have chlamydia". STDs aren't transmitted with anything near 100% efficiency; lots of exposed people don't get infected.
Thanks for the question. Good luck-- HHH, MD
in more medical terms I know that the bacterium induces its own endocytosis upon contact with potential host cells and that once inside a cell the elementary body germinates as the result of interaction with glycogen, and converts to its vegetative, reticulate form. Does this mean it is only after this life cycle it can be treated? or does instant treatment still kill the bacteria in its infectious elementary "spore like" body before it has developed into the replicating, non-infectious reticulate body???