It seems likely that a pregnancy test would pick up a miscarriage that close to the event, unless the embryo had experienced demise a while ago and only just let go from the uterine wall now. Did you have a normal period this last month? If no hCG is being produced, you'll get a negative on a test.
That said, it seems as though there should still be some living placental tissue for at least a while. Test again with concentrated first-morning urine, to be sure.
You could also google "uterine cast" and see if that resembles what you saw. If you saved the tissue, you could contact your doctor and ask him to put in some orders and you could take it to the lab to be sure.